How to Use the French Preposition Chez

Anyone who has eaten at a French  restaurant  is familiar with the  French preposition  chez  since its often used with the name of the chef, as in  Chez Laura.  It is loosely translated as  at or in the  home or business place  of and can be used in a number of circumstances, including location or state of mind, as well as in common idiomatic expressions. This phrase has even crept into English, where its frequently used in restaurant names such as the iconic Chez Panisse in Berkeley, Calif. Uses and Examples Chez  is most commonly used to refer to a home or business, but it can also be employed to characterize someone or something or as part of an expression. For example:      chez mon oncle   at / to my uncles house  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez moi   at home, at / to my house  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carole est chez elle.   Carole is at home.      chez le mà ©decin   at / to the doctors (office)     chez lavocat   at / to the lawyers office      chez le boucher   at / to the butcher shop  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez le coiffeur   at / to the barbershop, hairdresser     une robe de chez Dior  Ã‚  Ã‚  a Dior dress,  a dress designed by Dior     (une coutume) chez les Franà §ais (a custom) among the French  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest typique chez les politiciens.  Its typical of politicans.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a se trouve souvent chez les vaches.  You often find that among cows.     chez les Grecs   in  ancient Greece / among the ancient Greeks     chez la femme in women / among women      Chez lui, cest une habitude   Its a habit with him.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest bizarre chez un enfant.   Thats strange for a child.      chez Molià ¨re   in Molià ¨res work / writing     chez Van Gogh   in Van Goghs art       chacun chez soi     everyone should look to his own affairs      cest une coutume  / un accent bien de chez nous  Ã‚  its a typical local custom/accent  Ã‚     Ã‚  chez-soi at home     Ã‚  fais comme chez toi   make yourself at home     Ã‚  In an address:  chez M. Durand  Ã‚  care of Mr.  Durand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  elle la raccompagnà © chez lui  Ãƒ   pied   she walked him home        elle la raccompagnà © chez lui en voiture she gave him a lift / a ride home     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     rentrer chez soi  / rester chez soi to go home / to stay at home

Study on African American Youth and Young Adults with...

This paper proposes to address the psychological needs, behavioral factors, social factors surrounding a stratified sample of African American youth and young adults with incarcerated fathers. In doing so, assessment measures possessing test-retest reliability to assess subjects’ mental health conditions, stress related behavior, socioeconomic status, and interpersonal relationships. Incarcerated fathers who are imprisoned for non-violent crimes and are opened to reconcile and/or improve their relationship with their children. Sample will be drawn from a non-profit organization geared toward keeping imprisoned fathers in the Federal Bureau of Prisons and have had some communication with their children via pre-paid phone calls and Corrlinks (an electronic mail system in the FBOP prisoners and their families). Mothers or caretakers will be encouraged to participate in the proposed intervention programs. Introduction Studies have shown that children of incarcerated mothers experience more mental health issues as well as disruptions in their life because, more than likely, the mother was the primary caregiver prior to incarceration. Therefore, more programs for reuniting children with their mothers have been implemented yet the long-time/short-term effects of such programs remain unclear. Additionally, given the effects of maternal incarceration tend to cause more disruption of the lives of youths, an examination addressing reconciling relationships betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 Pageshas the highest prevalence of jailing its citizens. Nearly 2.3 million Americans are behind bars or nearly one percent of the adult population at any given time (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015). As of 2014, African Americans make up 34% of the incarcerated population. As a result, a disproportionate amount of African American youth will experience a parent’s incarceration. Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents experience emotional problems, socioeconomic problems, and cognitiveRead MoreIs Georgia A Criminal Justice Major?1921 Words   |  8 Pagesovercrowding. Being a Criminal Justice major I thought this would be great topic to research. The African American Male population in prisons is steadily rising, which I feel has something to do with psychological and sociological backgrounds. Today more African American men are in jail than in college. Many African American men grow up in urban ghettos, in a lifestyle they get caught up in. The African American males dream is to grow up and be just like the biggest drug dealer in their part of townRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Criminal Justice System1542 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction African American males are overrepresented in the criminal justice and many times are subject to harsher sentences than their Caucasian counterparts. African American males also experience racial profiling and have more negative interactions than any other population in the United States. Ibie, Obie, and Obiyan states, â€Å"African Americans have continued to be the repository for American crime and to be treated as amalgamation of presumed group trait rather than as individuals†. ThisRead MoreAt-Risk Minority Males : The 100 % Graduation Rate Program1258 Words   |  6 PagesActivity/Exploitation; and (6) Family Functioning.3-15 The Intervention Targets an Underserved Population: At-Risk Minority Male Today, one out of every 3 young African-American male and one out of every 8 young Hispanic male in the U.S. is under the direct supervision of the criminal justice system, either incarcerated, on parole, or on probation.16 African-American and Hispanic males also account for over 70 percent of our nation’s prison population, which cost the U.S. economy roughly $30 billion a year.17Read MoreSocial Patterns Of Subculture And Crime Essay980 Words   |  4 Pages #2 Discuss three different social patterns regarding subculture and crime, i.e., who are more likely to be perpetrators? Victims? Who is most likely to be incarcerated? What crimes are females more likely to commit than males? What is the â€Å"gender contract†? Every year, one out of five people is a victim of a crime in the United States. (8) Have you been a victim of a crime or committed a crime in the last year? In the U.S. approximately 12 million crimes are committed yearly. What factors attributeRead MoreThe Issue and History of Illiteracy Among African Americans1510 Words   |  7 PagesIlliteracy Among African Americans Becca White Writing 123 Instructor Sydney Darby 27 May 2008 Illiteracy is a growing issue in America. The U.S. Department of Education funded the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) in 1992 that estimates over 90 million Americans fall well below an eight grade literacy level (Rome, 2004, pp. 84). Nowhere is this tragedy more prevalent than among the impoverished African Americans. Illiteracy has always been higher among African Americans now the gap isRead MoreAmerica s Drug Enforcement And Addiction1725 Words   |  7 PagesDrug War. One can argue that the United States has taken steps to improve the treatment of drug users, but this overlooks the fact that there is an underlying racial bias in drug enforcement and more must be done to improve this. In American History, African Americans have had laws issued against them resulting in holding second class status despite given full emancipation through the 13th amendment. During Reconstruction, Southern legislatures passed provisions to keep newly freedmen from exercisingRead More Racial Disparities of the Criminal Justice System1518 Words   |  6 Pagesto the current criminal justice system. The U.S. population is comprised of 79.96% Whites, 12.85% African Americans, and 4.43% Asians. The U.S. Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish and Central or South American origin and they make up about 15.1% of the total U. S. population (CIA World Factbook 2013). Even though African Americans make up only about 13% of the population, they account for around 40% of all arrests and approximatelyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Race and Juvenile Delinquency1965 Words   |  8 Pagesjustice system have contemplated the reason why some youth turn to delinquency and violence. To investigate the reasons, for some adolescents you would have to research on a case to case basis could fall into one category of multiple categories stemming, why they act the way they do and what cause these reactions. Some researchers may want to find reasons that is caused in the genetic line, it is the youth’s social atmosphere concer ning in the youth has the right friends or any friends at all, or theyRead MoreJuvenile Justice System Based On Their Race, Gender, And Social Class Essay2585 Words   |  11 Pagesexamines different studies of juveniles and their place in the United States’ justice system based on their race, gender, and social class, as well as looks into policing tactics that may be beneficial to the affected youths. By looking at a wide variety of academic journals and books it was clear to see that youths are looked upon and treated differently depending on what their race is, the sex that they were born, or their family’s economic standing. Resulting in the outcome of these youths being treated

Sustainability Performance and Sustainability Disclosure †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Performance and Sustainability Disclosure. Answer: Introduction This paper is set to address the question of whether legitimacy theory can act as a base for the new CDP law that requires firms to disclose their actual carbon performance on a quarterly basis. The legitimacy theory posits that the actions of any entity must be appropriate or proper within the system of values, norms, and beliefs within which the entity exists (Comyns, 2012). As such, it is important to measure just how the current law on GHG emissions could work along this. Not so many years ago, it was projected that 400 parts per million for CO2 would be a tipping point as far as climate change was concerned. In the legitimacy theory, and concerning the climate change issue, firms should report their carbon performance and the measures they are taking to reduce it. When organizations demonstrate that they are taking substantial actions in reducing climate change, they gain their legitimacy in society. However, many firms fail to report properly and accurately they only use the m edia to offer reports that improve their image and legitimacy (Comyns, 2012). In this study, the idea is to explore whether the legitimacy theory can act as a basis for the new environmental law to motivate forms to ensure accurate and timely disclosure. The previous research on legitimacy theory has not focused on how the ambiguities, in theory, can be addressed (Hahn et al., 2015). There are discrepancies in research on whether the theory motivates firm towards better disclosure considering that there may be positive or negative performance (Apergis et al., 2013). Previous research has not addressed how new local laws can be developed based on this theory so that firms have legal requirements to follow. Further, the issue of mandatory disclosures and how such an approach can motivate accuracy and honesty in reporting have not been addressed in research. Currently, disclosures are voluntary, and companies are expected to play their ethical mandate in displaying their findings to all. Research has found it vulnerable in the sense that it fails to make the process mandatory where all companies have to adhere to it (Fernando and Lawrence, 2014). Chu et al. (2013) noted that the organizations must be bound by the social contract with society. Organisations have certain social responsibilities which include sponsorship, education and voluntary disclosure of information. The firm agrees to act in a certain way in line with the values and beliefs of society (Comyns, 2012). This enable firms gain their legitimacy in society and develop positive image. They are accepted morally since their actions are appropriate and desirable to society. These help them to gain customers and labour force Increasing steps to reduce carbon footprints has been linked to the higher legitimacy of firms in society. Many firms provide more precise and reasonable carbon disclosures when there is legal requirement. Firms always follow disclosures that are mandatory and the figures are more accurate and timely since there are legal ramifications of failure to disclose, (Comyns, 2012). Firms can use this approach to demonstrate their ability to do things that are proper and beneficial. A positive correlation has been identified between proper actions and legitimacy and this translates to more profit. The more a company discloses precise and accurate carbon emission to the public the better the company will gain in term of image and profits, (Downie Stubbs, 2013). Theoretical Constructs and operational proxies In the previous research, there has been the focus on how the legitimacy theory can benefit the disclosures that are related to carbon emissions. In using the legitimacy theory, stakeholders rely on the promise of the social contract to establish how firms should take action against global warming (Chu et al., 2013). The proportion of the effort taken by firms should be in line with their carbon footprint. Every company is entitled to take care of the surrounding environment and take some social responsibilities. This help firms establish positive co-existence with different publics and take responsibility of reducing world global warming effects (Toke, 2017). There is also need to understand how the theory can be relied upon to bring about more strict measures and ensure correct action against the carbon emissions. The relationship between stringent legislation and compliance is positive the more stringent the laws, the better the outcomes regarding reporting and disclosure and the less the stringent law the worse the outcomes regarding carbon disclosure. Previous study identified law make it possible for every company to timely and accurately report on carbon emission level and measures the firm is undertaking to reduce this, (Rahmana et al., 2014). In theory, it is important to note that the arguments are logical and they can form a basis for the law forcing companies to disclose their positions and actions in reducing global warming. The legal arguments can be made for the social contract and the requirements identified in theory. The law can define the areas of proper and appropriate action and the values, beliefs, and morals that a firm exists in (Toke, 2017). It means that there is a high possibility of the theory being used as a basis for making the law. The previous research has indicated that more strict rules and regulatory requirements force companies to achieve better reporting and disclosure (Chu et al., 2013), and legal requirements have penalties that can be instituted to motivate firms and this is connected to the improved performance in reporting and disclosure. Previous studies also shows that the firms attempt to follow the law to remain more legitimate and get appreciation from government and consumers. It was also established that the new laws are likely to motivate firms to compete in showing compliance and this is connected to a better performance in this area. The firm will try to create positive image to public, media, government, society and customers and by doing so improve the level of carbon disclosure, (Kaime, 2014). Accurate and timely disclosure is considered as proxy of carbon disclosure index while legal requirements to direct firm to disclosure are proxy of legitimacy theory. The law can incentivize companies to improve their approaches in disclosure and possibly motivate them to seek more actions to improve their carbon performance. Firms will try to make can disclosure a priority and even create new departments to deal with carbon performance, and this has a direct link to the positive performance of businesses in the area. Operational Constructs The enterprises in the businesses that pollute the environment more are typical Variable Type of Variable Indicator Tools of analysis Type of analysis There is also need to understand how the theory can be relied upon to bring about more stringent measures and ensure correct action against the carbon emissions. Dependent Accurate and timely disclosure Percentages Mean score Descriptive statistics Regression analysis The relationship between stringent legislation and compliance is positive the more stringent the laws, the better the outcomes regarding reporting and disclosure Independent Stringent law/legal requirement Percentages Mean score Descriptive statistics Regression analysis The sample for this research has been taken from a data of 60 companies of different profiles. The sample of the sixty companies was randomly selected. These gave all the companies in the population equal chances of being selected. Companies selection was made with the greatest firms have been picked as a result of their effect on the economies where they play out their operations (Jose Lee 2007). Second, disclosure practices (particularly natural revelations) of large organizations are wealthier than small and medium measured organizations (Deegan Gordon 1996; Patten 1991) H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. Data analysis- Descriptive statistics The method of data analysis is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive include measure of location and measure of dispersion which are used to describe the distribution of data. The data set provide consisted of different companies and also from different countries. country of the company Frequency Percent Canada 1 1.7 Denmark 2 3.3 Finland 2 3.3 France 1 1.7 Germany 1 1.7 Japan 2 3.3 Netherlands 2 3.3 Spain 2 3.3 Sweden 3 5.0 Switzerland 3 5.0 Taiwan 3 5.0 United Kingdom 9 15.0 USA 29 48.3 Total 60 100.0 The sample selected composed of companies from USA having the largest number of companies represented by 48.3%, United Kingdom 15%, Sweden, Switzerland and Taiwan had 5%, Canada, France and Germany had 1.7% and finally Finland, Netherlands and Spain had 3.3%. This is evident that most of the companies in the population are from USA then followed by United Kingdom. Type of company Frequency Percent Consumer Discretionary 8 13.3 Consumer Staples 1 1.7 Financials 6 10 Health Care 4 6.7 Industrials 18 30 Information Technology 22 36.7 Telecommunication Services 1 1.7 In the sample selected, 36.7 % of the companies were information technology companies followed by industrials with 30%, consumer Discretionary 13.3%, Financials 10%, Health care 6.7% while Consumers Staples and Telecommunication Services had 1.7%. In the graph above, there is considerable change in board role in the issue of discussion between the years 2010 to 2015. According to Simpson (2016), the prevalence of CDP in propagating the disclosure of emission information is helping companies reduce environmental disasters. Aside from that, the figures of executive decisions are a signal to the changing investment and economic trust that many businesses are embarking on. Further, close to 1000 entities have implemented policies on the internal cost of emission in the pipelines (Deatherage, 2011). Moreover, the target of most companies has overwhelmed many of those that were against the move. As a result, it has become a relevant issue for leading global industries to embed climate change objectives within each business strategy. Responsibility of climatic change with the organization Frequency Percent Board or individual/sub-set of the Board or other committee appointed by the Board 42 70.0 No individual or committee with overall responsibility for climate change 1 1.7 Other Manager/Officer 3 5.0 Senior Manager/Officer 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 The climatic change responsibility in an organisation has been dedicated to the board committee. The carbon emission has to be in control by all the companies. In the sample selected, most of the companies have delegated these duties to appointed board represented by 70% while only 1.7% hasnt delegated this responsibility. New laws need to be put in place to allow timeliness and accuracy of reporting. Most of the businesses have integrated climatic change in their policy. They have set law policy of reducing carbon emission, disclosure method of this policy to the public and also set policy on how to reduce the risk in future. Although some of the business have not come up with an integrated climate change. Data analysis-Inferential statistics Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 22. Inferential statistics are used to make logical conclusion on the data. Analysis of variance and t test are used to test significance of variables under study. ANOVA was conducted to test the relationship of disclosure score and law integrated in the business at 5% level of significance. Also was used to check risk incorporation in firm and improvement of disclosure score. ANOVA assumes that the data is continuous and normally distributed with equal variance. H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. The companys disclosure score can be compared with integrated climate change and determine if their business strategy has catered for accuracy and timeliness. The P-value is 0 thus less than the significance level 0.05 thus we reject the null hypothesis that a new law created based on the legitimacy theory, firms would improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance hence their would be no change. The new law created wouldnt improve the accuracy and the timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. The P-value which is 0.019 that is less than 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a new law created based on legitimacy theory will no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. These means that creating a law based on the legitimacy theory the way companies have been having carbon performance disclosures would not change. In addressing the concerns of theories in the business operations of large corporations, there is a need to focus on the impact of climate change on value creation in companies. The new law based on the legitimacy theory has proved that the accuracy and timeliness of carbon emission disclosure would remain the same. With an open platform for disclosure, it offers an avenue to meet the interests of the population and ensure that the business environment remains stable for the ultimate performance of many companies. Mostly studies address the emission and not putting into consideration the facts on its effect to residents. Despite the increased number companies most of them are not will to disclose the carbon emission. The challenge, the choice and impact of disclosing carbon emission still lies with the confines of the firm in addressing the impact it will have on its future operation. The research only made use of new law contribution and effects on carbon disclosure level which may be influences by other factors not included in study. Many scholars still infer the impact of climate issues, corporations are facing the predicament of sinking behind in the turn of addressing market concerns on the rapid change regarding climate. There need to do further research and identify how the firms behaved before and after introduction of new law. Also a survey will be appropriate to assess how the management think disclosure score should be improved. Reference Baumast,A. (2013). Carbon Disclosure Project.Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 302-309. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_559 Bellassen,V., Stephan,N. (2015).Accounting for carbon: Monitoring, reporting and verifying emissions in the climate economy. Chu, Chatterjee Brown, (2013). The current status of greenhouse gas reporting by Chinese companies: A test of legitimacy theory.. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28, pp.114-39. Comyns, B., (2012). Media, legitimacy and climate change reporting by companies in the oil and gas industry. In Corporate Responsibility Research Conference. Marseille, 2012. Euromed Management School. Cormier, D. and Magnan, M. (2013). The Economic Relevance of Environmental Disclosure and its Impact on Corporate Legitimacy: An Empirical Investigation. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(6), pp.431-450. Deatherage,S.D. (2011).Carbon trading law and practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Dickson,M., Conference Board of Canada. (2009).The Carbon Disclosure Project: Why should companies participate?Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. Giannarakis,G., Zafeiriou,E., Sariannidis,N. (2017). The Impact of Carbon Performance on Climate Change Disclosure.Business Strategy and the Environment. doi:10.1002/bse.1962 Hahn, R., Reimsbach, D. Schiemann, F., (2015). Organizations, Climate Change, and Transparency: Reviewing the Literature on Carbon Disclosure. Organization Environment, 28(1). HoJeong Kim (2016). State secrets, and information disclosure based on Official Information Disclosure Act. HUFS Law Review, 40(4), pp.1-19. Hummel, K. and Schlick, C. (2016). The relationship between sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure Reconciling voluntary disclosure theory and legitimacy theory. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 35(5), pp.455-476. INDAHL, A. (2013). Hypothesis for research or treatments. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 57(3), pp.269-270. Kaime, T.,( 2014). International Climate Change Law and Policy: Cultural Legitimacy in Adaptation and Mitigation. Routledge.

The concept of citizenship in the United States

A citizen is a person who is entitled to enjoy all the legal rights granted by a country or a state; a citizen is obliged to obey the laws of his country as a sign of loyalty (Heater, 7). This research paper will analyze the concept of citizenship in US and discuss the subject of American character in US today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of citizenship in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion In US citizenship is obtained by birth and blood relationship. A person born in US obtains nationality even if the parents are non-citizens while a child born of a US citizen obtains automatic citizenship even if he is born in a foreign country (Bray, 13). The 14th amendment of the US constitution states that, an individual must obtain both country and state citizenship (Bray, 86). The government of US offers foreigners an opportunity to become US citizens through naturalization proce ss. However, such individuals must be above 18 years, have stayed in US for long, be fluent in English, and be familiar with the American laws (Bray, 88). A candidate who meets these standards must pledge to be loyal to laws of US before one is declared a legal citizen. Today, a US citizen can lose his nationality especially if the citizenship has been acquired through naturalization process (Bray, 113). This usually happens when an individual goes back to his mother country and stays there for long. Due to increasing number of illegal migrants coming to US every year, there is a proposal to improve laws on citizenship (Bray, 97); this is a measure to curb illegal migration. It has been observed that children of illegal migrants have legal documents while their parents do not have such documents and this has made it hard for the US government to deal with the problem of immigrants since the existing policies do not allow separating children from their parents (Bray, 126). US has inh abitants from different parts of the world comprising people of different race, beliefs, religion and culture (Takaki, 37). As shown by Takaki in his book â€Å"A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America,† the American history portrays a multicultural society full of inequalities and injustices. However, according to the America creed, the American character has been defined as a society full justice, liberty, equality, and of human respect (Bray, 117). But, according to Takaki this is not the case. By studying the history of America, it is evident that the journey to build a stable society in US has not been easy. In fact, there has been a lot of struggle to eliminate racism, inequalities and social injustices among other issues.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In US today traces of these elements still exist although they are not pronounced in the society. For in stance, since the beginning of 21st century there have been raising issues with the Americans feeling that people with Hispanic origins are taking over their jobs. This has brought change in the way people interact (Bray, 176). Conclusion The American society has evolved tremendously. There has been considerable transformation from a state of slavery to liberty even though inequalities caused by economic imbalances are still evident in US (Bray, 16). However, as stated in the American creed, the American character is possible. In fact, today’s American society accommodates people with different cultures irrespective of their origin. Works Cited Bray, Ilona. Becoming a U.S. Citizen: A guide to the Law, Exam Interview. California: Nolo, 2010. Print. Heater, Benjamin. A brief history of citizenship. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Print. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York City: Hachette book Group, 1993. Print. This essay on The concept of citizenship in the United States was written and submitted by user Jacqueline Reeves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Research Essay in Statistics

How to Write a Research Essay in Statistics Statistics is a type of social activity, the purpose of which is to collect, process and analyze information that characterizes various manifestations of social life (socio-political, technical-economic, cultural and many others) in their inseparable interaction. This method has something in common with the mathematical concept of statistical accounting, respectively, the subject is mainly studied by students of mathematical and economic faculties. To demonstrate the fullness of the knowledge of the discipline and to enable the teacher to adequately evaluate them, the student must independently write an essay on statistics. In this article, we will explain what you need to do, how and why. Start with the Definition of the Object What You Need to Explore The object of research in applied statistics is the statistical data obtained as a result of observations or experiments. Statistical data is a collection of objects (observations, cases) and signs (variables) characterizing them. For example, the objects of study may be countries of the world and features, namely, their geographical and economic indicators characterizing: continent; terrain height above sea level; average annual temperature; countrys place in the list of quality of life, the share of GDP per capita; public spending on health, education, army; average life expectancy; unemployment rate; life quality index, etc. Variables are values that can take on different values as a result of the measurement. Based on the Object, Choose the Research Method Here are the main scientific methods of collecting information for your statistical essay. Statistical Observation Statistical observation is a planned, organized and systematic collection of information, aimed mainly at the phenomena of social life. This method is implemented through the registration of the previously defined most prominent features, the purpose of which is to subsequently obtain the characteristics of the phenomena being studied. Summary and Grouping of Materials of Statistical Observation Speaking about the second method, first of all, it should be said about the summary. A summary is a process of processing certain single facts that form a common set of data collected during an observation. If the summary is carried out correctly, a huge amount of single data on individual objects of observation can turn into a whole complex of statistical tables and results. Also, this study contributes to the definition of common features and patterns of the phenomena studied. Absolute and Relative Statistics Absolute quantities are considered the very first form of presentation of statistical data. With its help, it is possible to impart dimensional characteristics to phenomena, for example, by time, by length, by volume, by area, by mass, etc. If you want to know about individual absolute statistics, you can resort to measuring, estimating, counting or weighing. And if you need to get the final volume indicators, you should use a summary and grouping. It should be borne in mind that the absolute statistical values are distinguished by the presence of units of measure. These units include value, labor, and natural quantities. Variation Series In some cases, the data on the average indices of one or another of the studied quantities may not be enough to carry out the processing, evaluation and in-depth analysis of a certain phenomenon or process. Then it is necessary to consider the variation of indicators of individual units, which also represents an important characteristic of the studied set of phenomena. Sample The meaning of the sampling method is that the properties of one part determine the numerical characteristics of the whole (this is called the general population). The basis of the sampling method is internal communication, which unites the parts and the whole, the individual and the general. Correlation and Regression Analysis Correlation analysis and regression analysis are two highly effective methods that allow analyzing large amounts of data to study the possible relationship between two or more indicators. Dynamic Series Using this method of statistical analysis, it is very convenient to determine the intensity or speed with which phenomena develop, to find the tendency of their development, to isolate fluctuations, to compare the dynamics of development, to find the interrelation of the phenomena developing in time. How to Choose a Method: 3 Examples The choice of a statistical criterion for the processing of empirical data is determined by the empirical research scheme. If the essay is intended to identify differences in the severity of indicators in the two comparative groups, the Mann-Whitney U-test or Students t-test can be used. If the statistical essay is intended to identify the relationships between certain parameters, then correlation analysis can be used. In particular, the Pearson correlation coefficient or the Spearman rank correlation coefficient is suitable for the calculation. If the essay involves formative and control experiments, then you may need to compare the severity of a particular indicator. For this, the Wilcoxon test or the G-sign test is appropriate. 3 Pillars of a Statistical Research Essay As we have said, the main purpose of writing an essay is the formation of high professional qualities (skills) of a statistician-practitioner. The content of the essay, as a rule, is disclosed in three interrelated sections: General provisions and questions of statistical accounting; Questions of statistical analysis; Problem-solving. This structure of the essay allows the student to fully disclose the purpose, meaning, methodology, technique, and organization of statistical work within each topic, to state the statistical methodology, based on the relevance of the tasks of socio-economic development. For the teacher, this is a practical opportunity to control the depth and accuracy of students knowledge of the statistical methodology of accounting and analysis of economic phenomena, techniques, and ways of working with statistical indicators, tables, graphs, diagrams. Start with a Plan After studying the literary sources, students should make their own individual essay plan based on an approximate list of questions given in each topic. The degree of generalization or differentiation of questions in each section of the topic is determined by the student independently (depending on the interest shown, the possibility of selecting literature or factual material, etc.). Within each section of the work, the student must disclose at least three related questions. Go to the Body of Your Statistics Research Essay Part 1 General provisions should be stated by the student in the form of a brief description of the economic side of the issue, the role, and tasks of statistics, sources of official statistical data performance of enterprises. The student must correctly reflect the target setting, the economic sense, methodology, technique and organization of statistical accounting for the size of economic signs. An understanding of the degree of relevance and relevance of considering a particular statistical indicator (or group of indicators) in the modern practice of estimating, stimulating and managing the economy should be primarily reflected in the work plan, in references to new official documents and materials. Part 2 The second part of the paper (Questions of statistical analysis) should reflect the essence of specific methods of statistical generalization and analysis of indicators considered by the essay. The content of statistical methods, calculation formulas, stages of calculations, the system of the interrelation of indicators are mandatory for this section. It is advisable to cover all issues on a specific numerical example with the subsequent economic and statistical interpretation of the results obtained; the construction of meaningful conclusions is a mandatory requirement of any economic and statistical calculation. Along with the above questions in the essay, it is necessary to show concrete examples of methods and techniques of the statistical study of socio-economic phenomena: the index method, factor analysis, the definition of closeness. Important! The presentation of theoretical material should be accompanied by specific links to the relevant pages of the literary source, a table of source data, illustrated with specific numerical examples. The ability to substantively, concisely and accurately investigate the essence of the problem is expressed in the extensive use of tabular, graphics and other visual image methods. The work must have at least three graphs. Part 3 In the third part of the work (the solution of a practical problem) the student must practically show the quality of mastering the basic theoretical questions of the topic. The student must be able to rationally, accurately and convincingly perform a number of statistical calculations that allow him to fully and conclusively answer the questions posed in the problem statement. It is important to remember here that arithmetic calculations must proceed from the accepted calculation formulas, the latter must be expanded, sequentially stated; the main results of the calculations should be briefly explained, summarized or analyzed; it is possible to conduct a comparative analysis with data from another country or enterprise. If there are several methods for calculating one indicator or another, the simplest of them should be applied, indicating (for control purposes or balance of the obtained solution) other methods of the solution as well. What You Need to Remember When Making a Conclusion in a Statistical Essay Statistical findings are used to summarize data from the sample in relation to the entire population. Random errors characteristic of a sample study can lead to the fact that the sample will not be a sufficiently accurate model of the population. In fact, the sample is never a model of the general population at 100%, but only its more or less distorted version. In order to estimate such distortions and, therefore, to draw more accurate conclusions about the general population, statistical conclusions are used. First of all, they allow the student to assess the likelihood that the relationships identified in the sample, differences, magnitudes, etc. are characteristic exclusively for the sample, but not for the general population. The logic is as follows: if such a probability is high, then a decision is made according to which the sampling parameters are not characteristic of the general population and vice versa if such a probability is low, then it is considered that the corresponding sampling parameters speak about the parameters of the general population. It is important to remember that the achievement of a 100% guarantee that the results obtained in the study are characteristic of the general population is possible only when a complete study has been conducted, i.e. survey of all representatives of the general population. But this is not a study by a sampling method and it does not involve the use of statistical conclusions. In the most general form, statistical conclusions can be divided into two groups: interval estimation (construction of the interval in which the mean value or proportion of the general population should fall into a given probability); verification of statistical hypotheses (the probabilistic conclusion that certain parameters of the sample reflect (or not) the parameters of the entire population). Some Interesting Topics to Research Essays in Statistics After you understand the basics of how to write an essay on statistics, lets look at a list of interesting topics that you can explore. The Methodology of Statistical Studies of the Reliability of Commercial Banks; The Methodology of Statistical Research of the Processes of Formation, Distribution, and Use of Income of the Population; Problems of the Statistical Study of Emergency Environmental Situations of Man-Made Nature; Cost of Agricultural Products: Factors and Analysis Methodology; Statistical Analysis of the State of the Stock Market and Forecasting the Stock Price of Corporate Issuers; Statistical Reporting of Credit Institutions and Its Reform at the Present Stage; Statistical Analysis and Forecasting of the Stock Market Using Neural Network Algorithms; Statistical Analysis of the Cyclical Demographic Processes; Economic and Statistical Analysis of the State and Development of Foreign Trade and Tourism in Laos; Economic and Statistical Study of the Exchange Rates of the Cis Countries; Economic and Statistical Study of the Functioning of the International Labor Market; Statistical Analysis of the Residential Real Estate Market in a Certain City; Statistical Study of the Dynamics of the Birth Rate of the Population of Sri Lanka; Economic and Statistical Modeling of the Social Sphere: Methodology and Analysis; Economic and Statistical Research of the Government Securities Market; Methodological Problems of Improving the System of Environmental Statistics Indicators; Indicators of the Standard of Living of the Population in French Statistics and Their Analysis; Statistical Study of Employment and Womens Health Status.

The Manufacturing and Cultural History of Nylon Stockings

The Manufacturing and Cultural History of Nylon Stockings In 1930, Wallace Carothers, Julian Hill, and other researchers for the DuPont Company studied chains of molecules called polymers, in an attempt to find a substitute for silk. Pulling a heated rod from a beaker containing carbon- and alcohol-based molecules, they found the mixture stretched and, at room temperature, had a silky texture. This work culminated in the production of nylon marking the beginning of a new era in synthetic fibers. Nylon Stockings - 1939 New York World's Fair Nylon was first used for fishing line, surgical sutures, and toothbrush bristles. DuPont touted its new fiber as being as strong as steel, as fine as a spiders web, and first announced and demonstrated nylon and nylon stockings to the American public at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. According to The Nylon Drama authors David Hounshell and John Kenly Smith, Charles Stine, vice president DuPont unveiled the worlds first synthetic fiber not to a scientific society but to three thousand womens club members gathered at the site of the 1939 New York Worlds Fair for the New York Herald Tribunes Eighth Annual Forum on Current Problems. He spoke in a session entitled We Enter the World of Tomorrow which was keyed to the theme of the forthcoming fair, the World of Tomorrow. Full-Scale Production of Nylon Stockings First Nylon PlantDuPont built the first full-scale nylon plant in Seaford, Delaware, and began commercial production in late 1939. The company decided not to register nylon as a trademark, according to Dupont they, choose to allow the word to enter the American vocabulary as a synonym for stockings, and from the time it went on sale to the general public in May 1940, nylon hosiery was a huge success: women lined up at stores across the country to obtain the precious goods. The first year on the market, DuPont sold 64 million pairs of stockings. That same year, nylon appeared in the movie, The Wizard of Oz, where it was used to create the tornado that carried Dorothy to the Emerald City. Nylon Stocking the War Effort In 1942, nylon went to war in the form of parachutes and tents. Nylon stockings were the favorite gift of American soldiers to impress British women. Nylon stockings were scarce in America until the end of World War II, but then returned with a vengeance. Shoppers crowded stores, and one San Francisco store was forced to halt stocking sales when it was mobbed by 10,000 anxious shoppers. Today, nylon is still used in all types of apparel and is the second most used synthetic fiber in the United States.

Critical Appraisal of Contemporary Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Appraisal of Contemporary Issue - Essay Example lst public understanding on health issues cannot solely be attributed to media reporting, it is widely recognized that media has a high impact on people’s beliefs on health related behaviors. Therefore, timely and accurate translation of scientific information is important to avoid publishing information that will to some extent be misleading compared to actual findings of the research study (Kovacs 2011, 34). It is media’s responsibility to observe ethics and professional behavior in analyzing contemporary issues on health. Mass media is an integration of different mass communication channels that will transmit information both electronically and mechanically to the intended user. It will play a central role in linking health workers to the members of public both locally and internationally. Health authorities will educate and entrust the media with essential information that is transformed into readily accessible formats and transferred through a variety of media channels. Mass media is important because it is effective in widening the audience that will be communicated with recent health information (King and Watson 2005, 25). Likewise, communication of scientific information through media will be in simple formats thus easily interpreted. It will seem less official or dictatorial and chances of getting positive feedback from the society are much higher compared to other methods. Media will also be important in relaying preventive measures of a health issue that has or is about to affect the people t hereby cutting the costs of reactive measures (Guthrie J 2003, 50). An example is when health authorities communicate through media the importance of vaccination or warn the public of a looming epidemic disease. However, despite continuous participation of health authorities in mass media reporting, information may not be authentic from every angle if it is intended to influence the mind set of people on a particular phenomenon (Howit 1982, 56). This conflict of

Supply chain inventory, people, technology and risk Assignment

Supply chain inventory, people, technology and risk - Assignment Example People involved if not well trained and equipped can be a major source of risks. In the recent years, companies have been introducing advanced technology that is relatively more reliable and accurate. Perhaps one of the main challenges facing most companies in their operations is obsolescence and fraud. Over the past years, cases of fraud have highly been reported in the UK. The government has established specialized bodies to fight fraud. Serious Fraud Office is one of the bodies together with National Fraud Authority are but examples of such bodies. The technology industry has greatly been affected in the UK with Obsolescence over the last decade. This is highly associated with the quick advance in technological advancement. In order to be prepared against these two obstacles, companies have to develop well planned strategies. In these strategies, three factors are inevitable; inventory, people and technology. This report analyses how O2, the second largest telecommunication company in UK. The report tries to put into perspective the challenges and strategies used by the company in its operations in an effort to have an effective supply of its products and also fight fraud. This has jointly been attained through training of its employees and use of cloud based inventory system. O2 is the second leading telecommunication company in the UK. The company offers a wide range of services and products from mobile phones, SIM cards, internet bundles, and also financial services like the O2 Money which allows people to send money, receive money, pay bills among other transactions. The diversification of its products and services has seen the company expand its market and customer base over the past years. The high number of customers comes with its challenges. Among the challenges is how to handle demand and supply. This is mainly depended on their management on the inventory. The supply chain has to be well

Explain the process by which democracy was accepted as a valid form of government Essay Example for Free

Explain the process by which democracy was accepted as a valid form of government Essay Democracy denotes to a government by the people. The name comes from the Greek and means â€Å"rule by the people. † Democracy is government by the majority of the people, or majority rule. It differs from monarchy (â€Å"rule by one†), aristocracy (â€Å"rule by the best, or nobles†), and oligarchy (â€Å"rule by a few†). Democracy has three different related meanings: (1) a form of government in which those who control the government are elected by the people and are responsible, or answerable, for their actions to the people; (2) a form of society in which there is no privileged class and in which individuals may rise by ability to positions of power and influence; and (3) an ideal or way of life that stresses equality, liberty, individual rights, tolerance, freedom of discussion, and compromise. Most democracies are republics, in which the people elect the head of the state. A monarchy with a hereditary king or queen may also be democratic. In Great Britain, for example, is a democracy in the form of a limited monarchy. Some countries that call themselves republics are not democracies. A country with a republican constitution may be a dictatorship in which government is under the complete control of one person. On the other hand, republic is a country in which both the head of the state and the members of the legislature are elected directly or indirectly by the people. Most of the nations of the world today, including the United States and the Soviet Union, are republics. The rest, in most instances, are monarchies, in which the head of the state (a king, queen, or prince) comes into office through inheritance. The term republic and government are sometimes confused. Republic means a constitutional form of government under which the head of the state is elected, either by direct popular vote or indirectly through elected representatives. In addition, social contract denotes to human race originally lived in a â€Å"state of nature,† in which people enjoyed complete freedom, with no laws and no government. Without constraints on their activities, however, people were constantly fighting among themselves, and the safety of each individual was endangered. To ensure their survival, people eventually made an agreement called a social contract, to establish a system a law and order. On the other hand, balance of power is relatively equal distribution of economic and military strength among rival countries or groups countries. For 400 years, the countries of Europe devoted much of their diplomatic and military effort to creating or maintaining such a balance. Their object was to prevent any single nation or group of nations from becoming powerful enough to dominate the continent. The idea of maintaining power equilibrium became an important influence in European politics in the 16th century. An outstanding example of balance-of-power politics occurred in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). Furthermore, Republican Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. Since the time of the Taft administration (1909-13) it has generally been regarded as more conservative than the other major party, the Democratic. However, this difference between the two parties has not always been sharp, as the Republican Party initiated or supported progressive legislation. Also, the Republican Party, like the Democratic, has both liberal and conservative factions. Nonetheless, the Republican Party is generally associated with the interests of business, the wealthy and propertied, and those opposed to the ideas of the welfare state and a â€Å"big government. †

Essay examples --

In the past, people have always tried their own ways of using daily measurements. It was needed and used for daily trade as well as further businesses. These things could only have been made if the people knew they were being fair and honest; hence, the reason that different measurements needed to exist. Many short distance measurements were based on the lengths of the human body. The width of a thumb was used to resemble the inch, which we used today in the English System of Measurements. The foot, which is twelve inches, was compared to the length of the human foot; however, today it is derived to be longer than most people’s feet. The yard, which is equal to three feet, was inferred to be the length from the tip of the nose, to the end of the middle finger when the arm and hand are extended. The Anglo Saxons of England measured these short differences in their own ways too. The length of three barleycorns was their length of the inch (it was very close to the modern length) . Then in 1066, the Normans conquered England and brought back to England the Roman tradition of the twelve inch foot. During the reign of Henry I the foot became official and was engraved on the base of a column of St. Peter’s church in London (Rowlett, R. (2001). A dictionary of units of measurement. English customary weights and measures). He also arranged the yard to be established in England as well. Although, inches, feet, yards etc. measured shorter distances, miles were used to measure much longer distances. This mile was a Roman unit, which was primarily the length of 1,000 paces of a Roman legion. The â€Å"pace† was meant to be two steps, about five feet, which measured the mile to be roughly about 5,000 feet. The basic unit that was used for weight ... .... Origin of the metric system). Currently, people of many countries use this SI unit for measurements. The meter is used for measuring length (it can be converted to millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, kilometers, decameters, and hectometers). The liter is used to measure volume and its conversions are similar to the meter conversions. The gram is used to measure mass and its conversions follow the meter’s conversions as well. Scientists from all over the world make sure of they use this metric system in order to communicate data and make all calculations simpler. Although a vast majority of world uses the metric system in daily activities, the United States, UK, and other countries decide to still use English units daily. And even though everyone in the world may use different measurements daily, it was all created to make our lives a little simpler each day.

Money management Essay

Ever since trading began, money existed, thus, it can be said that money and trading co-exists. The earliest form of money is actually very different from what we are using nowadays in this modern world. The history of money begins around 2500 years ago. Money is any clearly identifiable object of value that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts within a market or which is legal tender within a country. Barter Barter is a system of exchange in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods and services. No money is needed in barter system as it does not involve the process of buying and selling. Although there is no evidence pointing towards a society or economy relies solely on barter system, it is believed that barter basically dominated the pre-historical world and at that time, people would just exchange things according to necessity. Thus, barter system can be said to be a primitive form of money as it contributes towards the birth of money. There are several complications of barter system : Absence of common measure of value: In a monetary economy, money plays the role of a measure of value of all goods, so their values can be measured against each other; this role may be absent in a barter economy. Indivisibility of certain goods: If a person wants to buy a certain amount of another’s goods, but only has for payment one indivisible unit of another good which is worth more than what the person wants to obtain, a barter transaction cannot occur. Lack of standards for deferred payments: This is related to the absence of a common measure of value, although if the debt is denominated in units of the good that will eventually be used in payment, it is not a problem. Difficulty in storing wealth: If a society relies exclusively on perishable goods, storing wealth for the future may be impractical. However, some barter economies rely on durable goods like pigs or cattle for this purpose. Adapted from Wikipedia Statement of the problem It was discovered that only a small portion among university students actually know how to manage their money well. Most of university students are still struggling with basic money management. They do not have enough of a handle on their cash flow to spend less than they get from their loans. In other words, poor money management such as overspending is the main cause of this problem among the university students. Purpose The purposes of the study is to investigate money management of the students in UniSZA. Objectives 1) To investigate the way of the students in UniSZA spend their money 2) To determine the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZA. 3) To suggest the ways to solve monetary problems faced by students in UniSZA by providing them with the best money management plan. Research questions 1) How do the students in UniSZA spend their money? 2) What is the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZA 3) How can the problems faced by students in UniSZA be solved? Significance of the Study It is an undeniable fact that university life and normal daily life do have differences when it comes to money management. The author of the article wrote that university students should be taught the value of money as they will be earning their own very soon. This is true. University is a boundary that separates us from the real world, the working world. Without proper management of wealth, especially for students, it could spell disaster. Not only there would be butterflies flying out the purse and holes being burnt in the wallet, bank account could also stumble to single digit and finally naught. Things might get worst when they enter the society without knowing concerning money management and if this situation occurs, their bright future might be at stake and this could jeopardize their chances to succeed in life. Thus, financial management should start early, when there’s still money in the bank account for one to manage. For students in UniSZA like us, we might often be bothered by monetary problems. We don’t know where our money went to. Well, they do not just disappear into the thin air, nor would they escape from our wallet, thus, we must know where we spent our money on so that we can cut down on expenses and inculcate proper financial management. As university students, there’re a few money management skills that should be practiced and here are some explanations that may provide some insight or clues for one to properly manage his or her money so as to get the most out of one’s money. #1 Have a plan for it There’s a saying goes, those who fail to plan, plans to fail. Thus, proper money management starts with a plan for our money. For the study loan such as PTPTN, bursary or JPA scholarship received each semester, we should have a plan for it so that everything would go on smoothly. Knowing the debits and credits is equally important here and tracking our own expenses is surely a must as we can track all the unneeded stuff we bought by keeping the receipt of the things we’ve bought and later revise on our spending to cut down expenditure. Getting ourselves organized and preparing and jotter to jot down our expenditure is also a brilliant idea. #2 Understand our financial aid and financial status As university students, one of the best steps towards proper financial management may be to add up all our income and also the money we’ll need to fork out. Income includes the money allowance given by the governments, student loan, scholarships, bursaries etc. Bursaries, on the other hand offers RM 2550 for bursary recipients. Bursary is actually money given to students as a kind of financial aid. In this content, bursary is eligible for students who got 9A+ and above in their SPM. Besides, we can also look out for scholarships such as JPA. By being aware of our financial status, we can look into every nook and cranny of our daily life to save money. Take ATM machines for example, it may charge card holder of other banks some additional fee whenever transaction is made, thus, by being aware of this, we can take the measurements needed and save money. We should also be cautious towards burglary as that is the worst possible way for one to lose  money. #3 Use the available tools towards our benefit We should also use the benefits meant for students to our advantage. When buying books, going for a movie and buying food, for example, we can produce discount cards exclusive for students in order to enjoy discounts. Though it’s not a whole lot of money we’re saving, it could sum up to a considerable amount of money over time. For example, Kad siswa which was launched a few years ago provides card holders with a plethora of discounts in almost anything. Besides, 1 Malaysia book voucher is another tool available that would be of great help in our money management. Scope of Study The report will cover the methodology for money management of students in UniSZA. Survey and research will be done in order to get the results before discussion about the findings. The main points of the report will be summed up as the conclusion and some suggestions for solving monetary problems faced by students in UniSZA will be found.

Casual Analysis Essay Essay

1.This is My Five-Part Thesis Statement for Essay #2: Drinking alcohol is like taking a drug. It is a form of drug abuse, and drug addiction. This is a worldwide problem that many people are involved in. There are good effects of alcohol if it is in small amounts, and in moderation. On the other hand there are bad short and long term effects. There are certain factors that contribute to a person becoming an alcoholic, as they are: Genes, Physiologically or Social factors. The effects that a person will get are all based on certain factors like, how much and how often alcohol is consumed, the age of the person, when the person started and how long they have been drinking for, gender, their family history and last but not least based on their health. 2.This is my Paragraph Two Topic Sentence: Lately scientists have been saying that a little bit of alcohol with dinner is not only okay but it is also good for you. In addition this is true in moderation. 3.This is my Paragraph Three Topic Sentence: If you take advantage of that and drink in excess there are effects that you should be aware of also and contrary to some beliefs, alcohol is a depressant. 4.There are several factors that contribute to a person becoming an alcoholic, as: Genes, Physiologically or Social factors. 5.Once you start to become addicted to alcohol you are considered an alcoholic. In other words there are many long term effects that come along with drinking lots of alcohol for a prolonged amount of time. 6.In conclusion alcohol can affect your life in a good or bad way depending on how you drink, how often you drink, and how much you drink. It is better  to drink in moderation, and responsibly. This normally means drinking only 1 to 2 glasses a day with a meal, and to also have a healthy diet that goes along with that. Otherwise the health benefits of drinking alcohol are gone, and replaced with some horrible side-effects. There are certain factors that contribute to a person becoming an alcoholic, as they are: Genes, Physiologically or Social factors but everyone can make their own decision on what drinking in moderation is and what drinking responsibly means, but everyone should be informed with the facts. Read Also:  Analytic Rubrics for Essay Part 2: Interview Sources and Possible Titles 7.I will interview these three people for this essay 1.Manuel Ochoa, alcoholic 2.Gustavo Alcatar, a retired partner of AA 3.Melissa Soler, psychology 8. 1.Why Do Some People Become Alcoholics? 2.How Bad Can it be to Become an Alcoholic? 3.When People Start to Abuse Their Body to Become an Alcoholic?

The Truth Behind Those Megalodon Documentaries

The Truth Behind Those Megalodon Documentaries What can you say about a TV documentary in which the suspiciously good-looking lead protagonistmarine biologist Collin Drake- comes up empty in a Google search? Or, for that matter, his equally attractive marine biologist pal Madelyn Joubert, who joins him halfway through the show, and whom a cursory web search easily demonstrates not to exist? And, not to belabor the point, a TV show that starts with suspiciously staged-looking video footage of a charter boat capsizing off the coast of South Africa, and no references can be found about this accident (in which three passengers were supposedly killed) from reliable online news sources? I dont know much about charter boats, but I do know that people whose ship is in the process of sinking do not take the trouble to center their subjects on frame. (See also 10 Things Megalodon Could Swallow Whole, a review of Megalodon: The New Evidence, and an article explaining why there are no giant sharks alive today.) Welcome to the world of the Discovery Channel and its inaugural Shark Week special, Megalodon - The Monster Shark Lives, which first aired on Sunday, August 4, 2013.  I usually steer well clear of Discovery programming, but since I know more about Megalodon than the average person (see my articles 10 Facts About Megalodon and Megalodon vs. Leviathan - Who Wins?) I felt compelled to tune in. Im shocked that a major TV channel with a supposedly educational purview can get away with this drivel, in which Collin Drake (whoever he is in real life) pursues his theory that that charter boat was rammed by a living Megalodon. Were taken through various pieces of evidencesonar sightings, Nazi-era photographs, whale carcasses washed up on the beachbut if Discovery is brazen enough to manufacture its talking heads out of whole cloth, what is the point of assessing the reliability of these details? I dont want to get into a debate about whether real, live Megalodon sharks are prowling the shores of southern Africaafter all, its impossible to prove a negative, and people will believe what they want to believe. On first airing, I was also willing to entertain the teensiest bit of doubt that Collin Drake and Madelyn Joubert were who they said they were (though they certainly looked, acted and talked unlike any scientists Ive ever met in real life, a judgment confirmed when it was later revealed that Collin Drake was actually played by a third-string Australian soap actor.) But I am saddened by the prospect that millions of unsuspecting people allow themselves to be educated by the Discovery Channel, which apparently cant stoop low enough to procure its ratings, and doesnt care how many schoolkids it misinforms in the process. Say what you will about Megalodon, but it couldnt help being a soulless, uncaring killing machineyoud think someone at the supposedly more evolved Discovery Channel would have a conscience! (Apparently unashamed by the critical backlash against Megalodon: The Monster Shark Lives, Discovery aired an even more egregious sequel, Megalodon: The New Evidence, in July 2014, about which you can read in Megalodon: The New Evidence - Dont Believe Everything You See.)

Practice These Italian Workbook Exercises

Practice These Italian Workbook Exercises Are you studying the Italian language? Here are some exercises to help you with your skills. Present Tense: First-Conjugation Regular Verbs A. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the indicated verb. Loro ________________ lentamente. (camminare)Tu ________________ la macchina. (guidare)Adriana non ________________ il quaderno. (trovare)Marco ________________ lorologio. (guardare)Io ________________ i biglietti. (comprare)Voi ________________ ad alta voce. (cantare)________________ fino a tardi voi? (lavorare)Io ________________ il ricevitore. (alzare)Noi ________________ la lezione. (imparare)Loro ________________ in ritardo. (arrivare) Present Tense: Second-Conjugation Regular Verbs B. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the indicated verb. Il professore non ________________. (rispondere)Noi ________________ un caffà ©. (bere)Loro ________________ un film. (vedere)Io ________________ la macchina. (vendere)Tu ________________ i giornali. (leggere)Io ________________ due aspirine. (prendere)Noi non ________________ la storia. (credere)Voi ________________ ogni sera. (correre)Anna Maria ________________ sempre le chiavi! (perdere)Roberta e Fabrizio ________________ volentieri delle lettere. (scrivere) Present Tense: Third-Conjugation Regular Verbs C. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the indicated verb. Loro ________________ il campanello. (sentire)Il cuoco ________________ le patate. (bollire)Franco ________________ la scatola. (aprire)Io ________________ il caffà © alle amiche. (offrire)Voi ________________ la verit. (scoprire)Noi ________________ la finestra. (aprire)Marcantonio ________________ bene. (vestire)Tu ________________ il pericolo. (sfuggire)Voi ________________ oggi. (partire)Io ________________ le bevande. (servire)

Product Offering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Product Offering - Essay Example Additionally, there are a variety of local muffin suppliers through bakeries and coffee shops. Still, the most prominent forms of competition remain in the entrenched multinational firms. These corporations have established strong footholds not only in the muffin market, but also in a variety of confectionary goods. One of the industry leaders in these regards is Otis Spunkmeyer. This company is most prominently positioned in the American market, but will remain a strong competitor. Additionally General Mills, Nestle, and the Rich Products Corporation constitute prominent multinational competition ("Otis spunkmeyer industry," 2012). Because of the challenge of competing with local bakeries and the large-scale multinational corporations, the organization must develop a unique product offering. While muffins remain the dominant product there is a specific recognition related to the production of these muffins. In this way the company seeks to gain competitive advantage through innovating supply chain processes that allow them to offer products with similar quality of the local bakeries, at the price of the larger multinational companies. Additionally, the company will focus on innovating a small array of products, namely a variety of muffins. One considers that Apple, Inc. adopted a similar minimalist strategy in terms of technological innovation ("The 6 pillars," 2011). Through shifting the product offering to only muffin varieties the company will be able to gain a competitive advantage over other corporations that spread their focus over a variety of

Gender diferences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender diferences - Essay Example Kimmel explains that gender inequality and differences are the core of Muslim society determining its main norms and traditions, relations between women and men, husbands and wives. The case Punishment Worse than the Crime shows that gender relations are a part of cultural traditions. â€Å"One of the key determinants of women's status has been the division of labor around child care. Women's role in reproduction has historically limited their social and economic participation† (Kimmel 53). The case shows that gender differences are socially determined. Those values, customs and behavioral norms that account for the sexual differentiation in adult personal identity and behavior are transmitted from generation to generation. In Muslim countries, gender identity is being constructed at every developmental stage of the life cycle, from infancy right through to late adulthood, as the developmental antecedents and behavioral consequences interact with the personality. For Pakistan women punishment is worse than the crime because women obtain a low social role in society and cannot accuse men in wrong behavior. In many Muslim countries, a woman is â€Å"a thing† owned by a man (a father or a husband) who has no rights and freedoms (Connell 43). The case shows that culture and social practices passes on to children, who once they have put on the lenses. This process holds true as a general but not an absolute pattern. Not everyone is so preprogrammed. There are in every society and culture mismatches whose bodies are of one sex and their psyches of the other. They develop their own gender identity by looking at rather than through the lenses. Far from being unnatural, such phenomena are part of the diversity of nature interacting with culture, very much, she says, like the diversity of food preferences: the natural desire for food does not in itself determine what is acceptable food in one culture as against the next, or what one person will prefer as against another within the same culture. "Rape may be a strategy to ensure continued male domination or a vehicle by which men can hope to conceal maternal dependence, according to ethnographers, but it is surely not an alternative dating strategy" (Kimmel 55). The picture pre sented here is of a community in which traditional cultural norms and ideal practices form the basis on which patriarchy is reproduced. Two factors, education and unemployment, are countervailing factors, both of them having had and continuing to have a profound effect on the most central institution in East life, marriage, and the relations between men and women. Education and other Western influences, bringing about significant changes in the way East fulfill their roles as fathers. The most important part of the story would be a rape itself and its perception by men. It is possible to assume that men do not feel guilty or do not perceive the act of rape as a crime. Cross cultural perspective can be applied to all situations described in this case. The psychological theory suggests that labor division influences perception of women and their social roles. In this division, a woman's role is ideally that of housewife and a man's that of provider working outside the confines

Busines organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Busines organization - Essay Example ts have regarded the debts of the corporation to be that of its shareholders, thereby piercing the corporate veil.2 The separate legal existence of a company was established by the court in the Salomon case. 3 As such, in Salomon v Salomon, 4 their Lordships created the rule that a company constitutes a separate legal entity that is distinct from its members. 5 This provided the direction to contemporary company law and the character of private limited companies. 6 European statutory provisions have incorporated this significant maxim. The objective behind providing for a separate legal persona and limited liability is to promote investment, foster trade and to furnish entrepreneurs with an incentive to commence new business. 7 In addition, in Adams v Cape Industries plc,8 a complete review of the Salomon ruling was achieved by the Court of Appeal. This case considered liability inside a group of companies. The claimant, moved the court to render the parent company liable for the obligations of the subsidiary company. The Court of Appeal lifted the corporate veil on the basis of the following considerations; namely, faà §ade, agency and single economic unit. 9 In its judgment, the Court of Appeal declared that the corporate veil could be pierced if there was an express agency agreement between the subsidiary company and the parent company. The presumption of an agency relationship, strictly relied upon the presence of such an agreement. 10 The Court, also held that the veil could not be pierced, merely because the defendant company was a member of a group of companies and the corporate framework had been adopted to avert the liability of the defendant company. 11 GHI Ltd was working as a subsidiary of its parent company ABC Ltd. As such, GHI Ltd can be deemed an agent of its parent company ABC Ltd. Furthermore, in DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council,12 Lord Denning of the Court of Appeal held that the group of companies, in question,

VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm

VLSI Architecture for QR Decomposition on MHHT Algoritm A VLSI Architecture for the QR Decomposition based on the MHHT Algorithm s.n.v.sai.pratap1 k.kalyani2 s.rajaram3 Abstract: This paper presents Novel VLSI (Very Large Scale of Integration) architecture for the QR decomposition (QRD) based on the Modified Householder transformation (MHHT) algorithm. QRD of a matrix H is decomposition of matrixHinto a productof an orthogonal matrix Qand an upper triangularR. QRD is often used to solve several engineering problems in many areas. Pre-processing modules based on QRD makes the decoding in signal processing easier and implementing data detection with QRD helps to reduce the complexity of spatial multiplexing MIMO – OFDM detection. The techniques used for implementing QR decomposition are: Givens rotation, Modified GramSchmidt Orthogonalization (MGS), Householder Transformations (HHT), and indeed Modified Householder transformation (MHHT). The proposed MHHT algorithm shows best trade-off between complexity and numerical precision, and also suites for VLSI architectures. The proposed MHHT algorithm reduces computation time and hardware area of the QRD block compared to the existing Householder algorithm. Implementation of this algorithm is carried out in FPGA Virtex6 xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759 device with the help of Xilinx ISE 14.1. Keywords: MIMO systems,VLSI architecture, QR Decomposition (QRD), Householder Transformation(HHT). 1. INTRODUCTION: The QR decomposition (QRD) is a basic matrix factorization method from matrix-computation theory used to compute two output matrices Q and R from an input matrix H, such that H = QR. QRD is often used to solve many engineering areas like least-square problems, linear system equations etc. For symbol-decoding solutions inside Spatial-Multiplexing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (SM-MIMO) systems, QRD basically consists in simplifying demodulation tasks in suboptimal and near-optimal solutions by finding an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper-triangular matrix R from an input matrix H. Several techniques towards implementing the QRD are already reported in literature. For instance, and under the context of SM-MIMO systems, the most explored are the Modified Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization (MGS, as a generalized improvement of the Gram-Schmidt algorithm), Givens rotation, the Modified Householder Transformations (MHHT as an enhancement of the Householder Transformation algorithm). Due to its simplicity and numerical stability, the QR factorization algorithm utilizing Householder transformations has been adopted. An overview of the main steps of the Existing Householder QR algorithm is presented. The purpose of this work is to show that when modifying existing Householder QR factorization to the matrix H, the computational complexity and hardware area gets reduced. Due to its trade-off in complexity, numerical precision, and VLSI implementation suitability, the MHHT is preferred. The contribution of this paper is to present a flexible and scalable FPGA-based VLSI architecture with competitive capabilities against other related approaches, motivated on the context of SM-MIMO demodulation solutions. The organization of this paper is as follows: Section II presents the QRD. In Section III, the exisiting HHT and MHHT algorithm is exposed. Implementation results are reported in Section IV, and conclusions are covered in Section V. 2. QR DECOMPOSITION The QRD constitutes a relevant pre-processing operation in SM-MIMO demodulation tasks [1-2]. The baseband equivalent model can be described in (1) At each symbol time, a vector S with each symbol belonging to the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (q-QAM) constellation passes through the channel response matrix H. The received vector y at the receiving antenna for each symbol time is a noisy superimposition of the signals contaminated by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) given by n.The maximum likelihood (ML) detector is the optimum detection algorithm for the MIMO system. It requires finding the signal point from all transmit vector signal sets that minimize the Euclidean distance with respect to the received signal vector. The transmitted symbol s can be estimated by solving (2) This gives the optimal result. However, solving (2) with larger constellations and multiple antennas will result in complex calculations. Instead of solving (2) as such, the symbol estimation can be simplified by using QR decomposition of.That is where resides the usefulness of decomposing matrix H in a QR form, yielding a back-recursive dependency on elements in S without incurring into a BER (Bit Error Rate) loss [3-4]. With this practice, the computational complexity is reduced. The detected vector is computed based on the ML algorithm with QR decomposition as given in (3) (3) where is in upper triangular form, approximation of is computationally simpler with the aid of (3). Note that for MIMO-OFDM systems operated in stationary environments, the channel matrix remains almost the same. Thus, QR decomposition of the channel matrix can be done only once to get matrix. On the other hand, the calculation of must be updated for every incoming signal. 2.1 QRD IMPLEMENTATION The techniques used for QR decomposition are: Gram–Schmidt algorithm obtains the orthogonal basis spanning the column space of the matrix by the orthogonality principle. Using a series of projection, subtraction, norm and division, the column vector of the unitary matrix containing the orthogonal basis can be acquired one by one and upper triangular matrix is also obtained as a by-product. Householder Transformation (HHT) tries to zero out the most elements of each column vector at a stroke by reflection operations. The upper triangular matrix is derived after each transformation matrix being applied to every column vector sequentially. The unitary matrix involves the multiplications of these Householder transformation matrices and thus the complexity is much higher. On the other hand, Givens Rotation (GR) zeros one element of the matrix at a time by two-dimensional rotation. If an identity matrix is fed as an input, the unitary matrix will be calculated by using the same rotation sequence when the upper triangular matrix is obtained (Malstev 2006; Hwang 2008 and Patel 2009).The Gram–Schmidt algorithm has the disadvantage that small imprecisions in the calculation of inner products accumulate quickly and lead to effective loss of orthogonality.HHT method has greater numerical stabilitythan the Gram–Schmidt method. Givens method stores two numbers c and s, for each rotation and thus requires more storage and work than Householder method .Givens rotation requires more complicated implementation in order to overcome this disadvantages. Givens rotation can be beneficial for computing QR factorization only when many entries of matrix are already zero, since nullifying certain matrix elements can be skipped. Unlike Givens Transform, Householder Transform can act on all columns of a matrix, and require less computations for Tridiagonalization and QR decomposition, but cannot be deeply or efficiently parallelized. Householder is used for dense matrices on sequential machines, while Givens is u sed for sparse matrices or/on parallel machines. 3. QRD using Householder Transformation In this section, the existing Householder Transformation algorithm is described, followed by proposed HHT method architecture is demonstrated in detail. 3.1 Householder Transformation Householder QR algorithm gradually transforms H into an upper triangular form R by applying a sequence of Householder matrices (multiplies H from the left with Q). Householder transformation is performed by projecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane zeroes multiple elements at the same time. An nÃâ€"n matrix H of the form , (4) is called a Householder matrix. The vector is called a Householder vector. Pre-multiplication of the coefficient matrix with is used to zero out appropriate elements of. It is easy to verify that Householder matrices are symmetric and orthogonal. The Householder matrix block involves the computation of an outer product which requires complexity operation. However, the practical time requirement of using to zero out elements in is lower than that of computing a full outer product. This is because of the tedious computation of the full matrix which is not necessary in practice. Householder reflections work well for introducing large number of zeros using just one matrix multiplication (computing). Normally, all the elements below the diagonal of an entire column of the matrix are eliminated by one Householder reflection. However, this leads to a difficulty when Householder transforms are implemented on parallelly. One reflection affects multiple rows, and therefore, it is difficult to achieve fine-grained parallelism in the operation. The algorithm for Householder transform is given in Table 1. and its block diagram is given in Figure 2. Fig. 2 Block diagram of HHT Table 1 HHT algorithm End Householder vector block: The conventional method of Householder algorithm for decomposing channel matrix is given in Table 1. Initially, the channel matrix is assigned to matrix. It can be periodically updated by following steps to obtain upper triangular matrix. The first column of is assigned to ‘a’ vector. After that the norm value of ‘a’ is calculated and assigned it to ‘g’. The Householder vector ‘v’ is the division ‘u’ and‘t’ which is the norm operation of vector selection . Householder matrix block: The output of Householder vector is given as input to Householder matrix block. Finally, H is computed by The above operation can be updated upto n times to obtain the upper triangular matrix and unitary matrix. It is given below, (5) Q = (HnHn-1†¦H1) T (6) Here the matrix is given to the input of channel matrix to update its vector value. The orthogonal matrix is computed by the multiplication of ‘n’ Householder matrix. Hence its complexity increases and also it occupy more hardware area. If the matrix size increases, the hardware area also increases tremendously. So there is need to reduce the hardware complexity of this block. 3.2 Proposed HHT method The existing method of Householder reflection requires large hardware area and computation time. Householder transformations also provide the capability of nullifying multiple elements simultaneously by reflecting a multi-dimensional input vector onto a plane. However, VLSI implementation of the Householder algorithm needs square-root, multiplication and division operations, which require high hardware complexity. To resolve this issue, a novel Householder algorithm is presented that use series of simple Householder projections, which can be easily implemented using simple arithmetic operations. The proposed algorithm as given in table2 has lesser number of computations compared to the existing algorithm. In Figure 3, the block diagram of modified method is given. It shows two major sub blocks (i.e.) householder vector block and householder matrix block. Householder vector block is same to the previous method of computing ‘v’ with extra weight vector computation. Here modification taken in the Householder matrix block to eliminate matrix multiplication. The vector ‘v’ subtracted from ‘f’ and column vector of channel matrix to give ‘H’ value. Fig. 3 Block diagram of MHHT. In the first step, matrix H is reduced to with all zeros below the diagonal element in the first column by computing the sign of the pivot element d and weight value w. Compared to the previous algorithm, number of steps required to obtain the first matrix can be reduced. For example, if the initial channel matrix of 4Ãâ€"4 undergone to Householder reflection, then it reduces the matrix with all zeros below the first element. The computation of Householder vector in the existing algorithm requires large memory and area. Because is a 4Ãâ€"4 matrix, multiplication of become complex process. To avoid such a task, column vector of matrix has been taken one by one and process it iteratively to obtain the upper triangular matrix. After computation of the first step the matrix size reduced to. After that, the sub matrix of size 3Ãâ€"3 is taken and the steps can be applied repeatedly. The algorithm to compute Householder Vector block is given below. Table 2 HHT algorithm End Repeat above steps for right bottom (n-1)*(n-1) matrix of R Householder vector block: In this Householder reflection algorithm, it transforms the column (7) into the vector of the form (8) where the diagonal element (9) The Householder vector can be computed by, (10) where and This block computation is same as that of previous Householder vector block with a little modification in the weight value. Householder matrix block: After obtaining the Householder vector, the output vector is given to the input of Householder matrix block. The computation of this block is very simple compared to previous method of Householder matrix block computing. The Householder matrix element algorithm is given below, (11) where It reduces the channel matrix to its upper triangular form in steps. To reduce the complexity of computing Q, here the output vector y’ has been taken directly and its algorithm is given below, (12) So the execution time for computing the upper triangular matrix and output vector is very less when compared to conventional Householder reflection algorithm. This reduces the hardware area for the Householder matrix block. The QR decomposition using modified Householder transformation algorithm is simulated by taking ‘a’ as input channel matrix, ‘zb’ as output vector and ‘upper’ as upper triangular matrix. The unitary or orthogonal matrix ‘Q’ need not to be calculated. The output vector in (3) can be computed from the updated Householder vector ‘v’. Also the extra time needed to calculate ‘Q’ can be reduced. So the speed of decomposing the channel matrix can be increased tremendously. 4. Results and Discussion QR decomposition algorithm is required as a pre-processing unit for many MIMO detectors. The accuracy of the channel matrix QR decomposition does not have an impact on the MIMO detection process and finally receiver’s bit-error-rate (BER) performance. The existing and proposed Householder algorithms are downloaded on to Xilinx device xc6vlx550tl-1Lff1759. The synthesis results are compared to show the area efficiency of the proposed one. The channel matrix H elements are represented in floating point representation of 16 bits comprising 1 for sign bit,3 bits for decimal part and 12 bits for fractional part. The 16 bit representation shows an numerical precision oscillates around the interval[10-6,10-5] for both existing and modified algorithms . The computation of column vectors of the R matrix can be parallelised in modified algorithm and thus improvement is obtained in computational time of 49.7% reduction.The computational time for proposed algorithm is about 194.84ns,whereas exisiting algorithm is about 394.56ns. Modified algorithm reduces the matrix computation into vector multilications for some extent and thus reduces the hardware area as obtained from the synthesis report. Table 3 Synthesis report for Conventional Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 11142 343680 Bonded IOBs 768 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 0 32 DSP48E1s 261 864 Table 4 Synthesis report for Proposed Householder algorithm Logic Utilization Used Available Slice LUTs 7634 343680 Bonded IOBs 385 840 BUFG/BUFGCTRL’S 1 32 DSP48E1s 70 864 Table 5 Comparison result Logic Utilization Conventional HHT Proposed HHT % reduced Slice LUTs 11142 7634 31% LUT Flip flops 768 385 49.8% Bonded IOBs 0 1 DSP48E1s 261 70 73% 5. Conclusion To reduce the computational and hardware complexity, Householder transformation algorithm for QRD has been modified. The computation of Q is the tedious process in the existing algorithm. In this work, it can be overcome by directly computing output vector. It reduces the computation time by 52.38% and also reduce in hardware area compared to previous HHT algorithm (Slices – 31%, LUTs – 49.8%) presented in the QRD. Thus it is evident from the comparison result that the number of slices and 4 input LUTs required in FPGA implementation of QR Decomposition is reduced thereby making the low complex design which can meet the specifications of most OFDM communication systems, including VDSL, 802.16, DAB and DVB. In future, this work can be extended to implement K-best LSD and Turbo decoding of LTE receiver. References Lee, K.F. and Williams, D.B.: A space-frequency transmitter diversity technique for OFDM systems. In Proc. Global Telecommunications Conf., San Francisco, CA, pp. 1473-1477. (Nov. 2000) H. Kim, J. Kim, S. Yang, M. Hong, and Y. Shin, â€Å"An effective MIMO–OFDM system for IEEE 802.22 WRAN channels,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 821–825, Aug. 2008. H.-L. Lin, R. C. Chang, and H.-L. Chen, â€Å"A high speed SDM-MIMO decoder using efficient candidate searching for wireless communication,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 289–293, Mar. 2008. L. Boher, R. Rabineau, and M. Helard, â€Å"FPGA implementation of an iterative receiver for MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 857–866, Aug. 2008. M.-S. Baek, Y.-H. You, and H.-K. Song, â€Å"Combined QRD-M and DFE detection technique for simple and efficient signal detection in MIMO–OFDM systems,† IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1632–1638, Apr. 2009. C. F. T. Tang, K. J. R. Liu, and S. A. Tretter, â€Å"On systolic arrays for recursive complex Householder transformations with applications to array processing,† in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Process., 1991, pp. 1033–1036. K.-L. Chung and W.-M. Yan, â€Å"The complex Householder transform,† IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2374–2376, Sep. 1997. S. Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1987.