How to Use the French Preposition Chez

Anyone who has eaten at a French  restaurant  is familiar with the  French preposition  chez  since its often used with the name of the chef, as in  Chez Laura.  It is loosely translated as  at or in the  home or business place  of and can be used in a number of circumstances, including location or state of mind, as well as in common idiomatic expressions. This phrase has even crept into English, where its frequently used in restaurant names such as the iconic Chez Panisse in Berkeley, Calif. Uses and Examples Chez  is most commonly used to refer to a home or business, but it can also be employed to characterize someone or something or as part of an expression. For example:      chez mon oncle   at / to my uncles house  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez moi   at home, at / to my house  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carole est chez elle.   Carole is at home.      chez le mà ©decin   at / to the doctors (office)     chez lavocat   at / to the lawyers office      chez le boucher   at / to the butcher shop  Ã‚  Ã‚  chez le coiffeur   at / to the barbershop, hairdresser     une robe de chez Dior  Ã‚  Ã‚  a Dior dress,  a dress designed by Dior     (une coutume) chez les Franà §ais (a custom) among the French  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest typique chez les politiciens.  Its typical of politicans.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a se trouve souvent chez les vaches.  You often find that among cows.     chez les Grecs   in  ancient Greece / among the ancient Greeks     chez la femme in women / among women      Chez lui, cest une habitude   Its a habit with him.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest bizarre chez un enfant.   Thats strange for a child.      chez Molià ¨re   in Molià ¨res work / writing     chez Van Gogh   in Van Goghs art       chacun chez soi     everyone should look to his own affairs      cest une coutume  / un accent bien de chez nous  Ã‚  its a typical local custom/accent  Ã‚     Ã‚  chez-soi at home     Ã‚  fais comme chez toi   make yourself at home     Ã‚  In an address:  chez M. Durand  Ã‚  care of Mr.  Durand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  elle la raccompagnà © chez lui  Ãƒ   pied   she walked him home        elle la raccompagnà © chez lui en voiture she gave him a lift / a ride home     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     rentrer chez soi  / rester chez soi to go home / to stay at home

Study on African American Youth and Young Adults with...

This paper proposes to address the psychological needs, behavioral factors, social factors surrounding a stratified sample of African American youth and young adults with incarcerated fathers. In doing so, assessment measures possessing test-retest reliability to assess subjects’ mental health conditions, stress related behavior, socioeconomic status, and interpersonal relationships. Incarcerated fathers who are imprisoned for non-violent crimes and are opened to reconcile and/or improve their relationship with their children. Sample will be drawn from a non-profit organization geared toward keeping imprisoned fathers in the Federal Bureau of Prisons and have had some communication with their children via pre-paid phone calls and Corrlinks (an electronic mail system in the FBOP prisoners and their families). Mothers or caretakers will be encouraged to participate in the proposed intervention programs. Introduction Studies have shown that children of incarcerated mothers experience more mental health issues as well as disruptions in their life because, more than likely, the mother was the primary caregiver prior to incarceration. Therefore, more programs for reuniting children with their mothers have been implemented yet the long-time/short-term effects of such programs remain unclear. Additionally, given the effects of maternal incarceration tend to cause more disruption of the lives of youths, an examination addressing reconciling relationships betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Mass Incarceration On African Americans1019 Words   |  5 Pageshas the highest prevalence of jailing its citizens. Nearly 2.3 million Americans are behind bars or nearly one percent of the adult population at any given time (Campbell, Vogel, Williams, 2015). As of 2014, African Americans make up 34% of the incarcerated population. 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Some researchers may want to find reasons that is caused in the genetic line, it is the youth’s social atmosphere concer ning in the youth has the right friends or any friends at all, or theyRead MoreJuvenile Justice System Based On Their Race, Gender, And Social Class Essay2585 Words   |  11 Pagesexamines different studies of juveniles and their place in the United States’ justice system based on their race, gender, and social class, as well as looks into policing tactics that may be beneficial to the affected youths. By looking at a wide variety of academic journals and books it was clear to see that youths are looked upon and treated differently depending on what their race is, the sex that they were born, or their family’s economic standing. Resulting in the outcome of these youths being treated

Sustainability Performance and Sustainability Disclosure †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Performance and Sustainability Disclosure. Answer: Introduction This paper is set to address the question of whether legitimacy theory can act as a base for the new CDP law that requires firms to disclose their actual carbon performance on a quarterly basis. The legitimacy theory posits that the actions of any entity must be appropriate or proper within the system of values, norms, and beliefs within which the entity exists (Comyns, 2012). As such, it is important to measure just how the current law on GHG emissions could work along this. Not so many years ago, it was projected that 400 parts per million for CO2 would be a tipping point as far as climate change was concerned. In the legitimacy theory, and concerning the climate change issue, firms should report their carbon performance and the measures they are taking to reduce it. When organizations demonstrate that they are taking substantial actions in reducing climate change, they gain their legitimacy in society. However, many firms fail to report properly and accurately they only use the m edia to offer reports that improve their image and legitimacy (Comyns, 2012). In this study, the idea is to explore whether the legitimacy theory can act as a basis for the new environmental law to motivate forms to ensure accurate and timely disclosure. The previous research on legitimacy theory has not focused on how the ambiguities, in theory, can be addressed (Hahn et al., 2015). There are discrepancies in research on whether the theory motivates firm towards better disclosure considering that there may be positive or negative performance (Apergis et al., 2013). Previous research has not addressed how new local laws can be developed based on this theory so that firms have legal requirements to follow. Further, the issue of mandatory disclosures and how such an approach can motivate accuracy and honesty in reporting have not been addressed in research. Currently, disclosures are voluntary, and companies are expected to play their ethical mandate in displaying their findings to all. Research has found it vulnerable in the sense that it fails to make the process mandatory where all companies have to adhere to it (Fernando and Lawrence, 2014). Chu et al. (2013) noted that the organizations must be bound by the social contract with society. Organisations have certain social responsibilities which include sponsorship, education and voluntary disclosure of information. The firm agrees to act in a certain way in line with the values and beliefs of society (Comyns, 2012). This enable firms gain their legitimacy in society and develop positive image. They are accepted morally since their actions are appropriate and desirable to society. These help them to gain customers and labour force Increasing steps to reduce carbon footprints has been linked to the higher legitimacy of firms in society. Many firms provide more precise and reasonable carbon disclosures when there is legal requirement. Firms always follow disclosures that are mandatory and the figures are more accurate and timely since there are legal ramifications of failure to disclose, (Comyns, 2012). Firms can use this approach to demonstrate their ability to do things that are proper and beneficial. A positive correlation has been identified between proper actions and legitimacy and this translates to more profit. The more a company discloses precise and accurate carbon emission to the public the better the company will gain in term of image and profits, (Downie Stubbs, 2013). Theoretical Constructs and operational proxies In the previous research, there has been the focus on how the legitimacy theory can benefit the disclosures that are related to carbon emissions. In using the legitimacy theory, stakeholders rely on the promise of the social contract to establish how firms should take action against global warming (Chu et al., 2013). The proportion of the effort taken by firms should be in line with their carbon footprint. Every company is entitled to take care of the surrounding environment and take some social responsibilities. This help firms establish positive co-existence with different publics and take responsibility of reducing world global warming effects (Toke, 2017). There is also need to understand how the theory can be relied upon to bring about more strict measures and ensure correct action against the carbon emissions. The relationship between stringent legislation and compliance is positive the more stringent the laws, the better the outcomes regarding reporting and disclosure and the less the stringent law the worse the outcomes regarding carbon disclosure. Previous study identified law make it possible for every company to timely and accurately report on carbon emission level and measures the firm is undertaking to reduce this, (Rahmana et al., 2014). In theory, it is important to note that the arguments are logical and they can form a basis for the law forcing companies to disclose their positions and actions in reducing global warming. The legal arguments can be made for the social contract and the requirements identified in theory. The law can define the areas of proper and appropriate action and the values, beliefs, and morals that a firm exists in (Toke, 2017). It means that there is a high possibility of the theory being used as a basis for making the law. The previous research has indicated that more strict rules and regulatory requirements force companies to achieve better reporting and disclosure (Chu et al., 2013), and legal requirements have penalties that can be instituted to motivate firms and this is connected to the improved performance in reporting and disclosure. Previous studies also shows that the firms attempt to follow the law to remain more legitimate and get appreciation from government and consumers. It was also established that the new laws are likely to motivate firms to compete in showing compliance and this is connected to a better performance in this area. The firm will try to create positive image to public, media, government, society and customers and by doing so improve the level of carbon disclosure, (Kaime, 2014). Accurate and timely disclosure is considered as proxy of carbon disclosure index while legal requirements to direct firm to disclosure are proxy of legitimacy theory. The law can incentivize companies to improve their approaches in disclosure and possibly motivate them to seek more actions to improve their carbon performance. Firms will try to make can disclosure a priority and even create new departments to deal with carbon performance, and this has a direct link to the positive performance of businesses in the area. Operational Constructs The enterprises in the businesses that pollute the environment more are typical Variable Type of Variable Indicator Tools of analysis Type of analysis There is also need to understand how the theory can be relied upon to bring about more stringent measures and ensure correct action against the carbon emissions. Dependent Accurate and timely disclosure Percentages Mean score Descriptive statistics Regression analysis The relationship between stringent legislation and compliance is positive the more stringent the laws, the better the outcomes regarding reporting and disclosure Independent Stringent law/legal requirement Percentages Mean score Descriptive statistics Regression analysis The sample for this research has been taken from a data of 60 companies of different profiles. The sample of the sixty companies was randomly selected. These gave all the companies in the population equal chances of being selected. Companies selection was made with the greatest firms have been picked as a result of their effect on the economies where they play out their operations (Jose Lee 2007). Second, disclosure practices (particularly natural revelations) of large organizations are wealthier than small and medium measured organizations (Deegan Gordon 1996; Patten 1991) H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. Data analysis- Descriptive statistics The method of data analysis is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive include measure of location and measure of dispersion which are used to describe the distribution of data. The data set provide consisted of different companies and also from different countries. country of the company Frequency Percent Canada 1 1.7 Denmark 2 3.3 Finland 2 3.3 France 1 1.7 Germany 1 1.7 Japan 2 3.3 Netherlands 2 3.3 Spain 2 3.3 Sweden 3 5.0 Switzerland 3 5.0 Taiwan 3 5.0 United Kingdom 9 15.0 USA 29 48.3 Total 60 100.0 The sample selected composed of companies from USA having the largest number of companies represented by 48.3%, United Kingdom 15%, Sweden, Switzerland and Taiwan had 5%, Canada, France and Germany had 1.7% and finally Finland, Netherlands and Spain had 3.3%. This is evident that most of the companies in the population are from USA then followed by United Kingdom. Type of company Frequency Percent Consumer Discretionary 8 13.3 Consumer Staples 1 1.7 Financials 6 10 Health Care 4 6.7 Industrials 18 30 Information Technology 22 36.7 Telecommunication Services 1 1.7 In the sample selected, 36.7 % of the companies were information technology companies followed by industrials with 30%, consumer Discretionary 13.3%, Financials 10%, Health care 6.7% while Consumers Staples and Telecommunication Services had 1.7%. In the graph above, there is considerable change in board role in the issue of discussion between the years 2010 to 2015. According to Simpson (2016), the prevalence of CDP in propagating the disclosure of emission information is helping companies reduce environmental disasters. Aside from that, the figures of executive decisions are a signal to the changing investment and economic trust that many businesses are embarking on. Further, close to 1000 entities have implemented policies on the internal cost of emission in the pipelines (Deatherage, 2011). Moreover, the target of most companies has overwhelmed many of those that were against the move. As a result, it has become a relevant issue for leading global industries to embed climate change objectives within each business strategy. Responsibility of climatic change with the organization Frequency Percent Board or individual/sub-set of the Board or other committee appointed by the Board 42 70.0 No individual or committee with overall responsibility for climate change 1 1.7 Other Manager/Officer 3 5.0 Senior Manager/Officer 12 20.0 Total 60 100.0 The climatic change responsibility in an organisation has been dedicated to the board committee. The carbon emission has to be in control by all the companies. In the sample selected, most of the companies have delegated these duties to appointed board represented by 70% while only 1.7% hasnt delegated this responsibility. New laws need to be put in place to allow timeliness and accuracy of reporting. Most of the businesses have integrated climatic change in their policy. They have set law policy of reducing carbon emission, disclosure method of this policy to the public and also set policy on how to reduce the risk in future. Although some of the business have not come up with an integrated climate change. Data analysis-Inferential statistics Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 22. Inferential statistics are used to make logical conclusion on the data. Analysis of variance and t test are used to test significance of variables under study. ANOVA was conducted to test the relationship of disclosure score and law integrated in the business at 5% level of significance. Also was used to check risk incorporation in firm and improvement of disclosure score. ANOVA assumes that the data is continuous and normally distributed with equal variance. H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. The companys disclosure score can be compared with integrated climate change and determine if their business strategy has catered for accuracy and timeliness. The P-value is 0 thus less than the significance level 0.05 thus we reject the null hypothesis that a new law created based on the legitimacy theory, firms would improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance hence their would be no change. The new law created wouldnt improve the accuracy and the timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H0: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, then firms are likely to improve the accuracy and timeliness of their carbon performance disclosures. H1: If a new law is created based on legitimacy theory, there will be no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. The P-value which is 0.019 that is less than 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a new law created based on legitimacy theory will no change in the accuracy and timeliness of the carbon performance disclosures provided by firms. These means that creating a law based on the legitimacy theory the way companies have been having carbon performance disclosures would not change. In addressing the concerns of theories in the business operations of large corporations, there is a need to focus on the impact of climate change on value creation in companies. The new law based on the legitimacy theory has proved that the accuracy and timeliness of carbon emission disclosure would remain the same. With an open platform for disclosure, it offers an avenue to meet the interests of the population and ensure that the business environment remains stable for the ultimate performance of many companies. Mostly studies address the emission and not putting into consideration the facts on its effect to residents. Despite the increased number companies most of them are not will to disclose the carbon emission. The challenge, the choice and impact of disclosing carbon emission still lies with the confines of the firm in addressing the impact it will have on its future operation. The research only made use of new law contribution and effects on carbon disclosure level which may be influences by other factors not included in study. Many scholars still infer the impact of climate issues, corporations are facing the predicament of sinking behind in the turn of addressing market concerns on the rapid change regarding climate. There need to do further research and identify how the firms behaved before and after introduction of new law. Also a survey will be appropriate to assess how the management think disclosure score should be improved. Reference Baumast,A. (2013). Carbon Disclosure Project.Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 302-309. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_559 Bellassen,V., Stephan,N. (2015).Accounting for carbon: Monitoring, reporting and verifying emissions in the climate economy. Chu, Chatterjee Brown, (2013). The current status of greenhouse gas reporting by Chinese companies: A test of legitimacy theory.. Managerial Auditing Journal, 28, pp.114-39. Comyns, B., (2012). Media, legitimacy and climate change reporting by companies in the oil and gas industry. In Corporate Responsibility Research Conference. Marseille, 2012. Euromed Management School. Cormier, D. and Magnan, M. (2013). The Economic Relevance of Environmental Disclosure and its Impact on Corporate Legitimacy: An Empirical Investigation. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(6), pp.431-450. Deatherage,S.D. (2011).Carbon trading law and practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Dickson,M., Conference Board of Canada. (2009).The Carbon Disclosure Project: Why should companies participate?Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. Giannarakis,G., Zafeiriou,E., Sariannidis,N. (2017). The Impact of Carbon Performance on Climate Change Disclosure.Business Strategy and the Environment. doi:10.1002/bse.1962 Hahn, R., Reimsbach, D. Schiemann, F., (2015). Organizations, Climate Change, and Transparency: Reviewing the Literature on Carbon Disclosure. Organization Environment, 28(1). HoJeong Kim (2016). State secrets, and information disclosure based on Official Information Disclosure Act. HUFS Law Review, 40(4), pp.1-19. Hummel, K. and Schlick, C. (2016). The relationship between sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure Reconciling voluntary disclosure theory and legitimacy theory. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 35(5), pp.455-476. INDAHL, A. (2013). Hypothesis for research or treatments. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 57(3), pp.269-270. Kaime, T.,( 2014). International Climate Change Law and Policy: Cultural Legitimacy in Adaptation and Mitigation. Routledge.

The concept of citizenship in the United States

A citizen is a person who is entitled to enjoy all the legal rights granted by a country or a state; a citizen is obliged to obey the laws of his country as a sign of loyalty (Heater, 7). This research paper will analyze the concept of citizenship in US and discuss the subject of American character in US today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of citizenship in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion In US citizenship is obtained by birth and blood relationship. A person born in US obtains nationality even if the parents are non-citizens while a child born of a US citizen obtains automatic citizenship even if he is born in a foreign country (Bray, 13). The 14th amendment of the US constitution states that, an individual must obtain both country and state citizenship (Bray, 86). The government of US offers foreigners an opportunity to become US citizens through naturalization proce ss. However, such individuals must be above 18 years, have stayed in US for long, be fluent in English, and be familiar with the American laws (Bray, 88). A candidate who meets these standards must pledge to be loyal to laws of US before one is declared a legal citizen. Today, a US citizen can lose his nationality especially if the citizenship has been acquired through naturalization process (Bray, 113). This usually happens when an individual goes back to his mother country and stays there for long. Due to increasing number of illegal migrants coming to US every year, there is a proposal to improve laws on citizenship (Bray, 97); this is a measure to curb illegal migration. It has been observed that children of illegal migrants have legal documents while their parents do not have such documents and this has made it hard for the US government to deal with the problem of immigrants since the existing policies do not allow separating children from their parents (Bray, 126). US has inh abitants from different parts of the world comprising people of different race, beliefs, religion and culture (Takaki, 37). As shown by Takaki in his book â€Å"A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America,† the American history portrays a multicultural society full of inequalities and injustices. However, according to the America creed, the American character has been defined as a society full justice, liberty, equality, and of human respect (Bray, 117). But, according to Takaki this is not the case. By studying the history of America, it is evident that the journey to build a stable society in US has not been easy. In fact, there has been a lot of struggle to eliminate racism, inequalities and social injustices among other issues.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In US today traces of these elements still exist although they are not pronounced in the society. For in stance, since the beginning of 21st century there have been raising issues with the Americans feeling that people with Hispanic origins are taking over their jobs. This has brought change in the way people interact (Bray, 176). Conclusion The American society has evolved tremendously. There has been considerable transformation from a state of slavery to liberty even though inequalities caused by economic imbalances are still evident in US (Bray, 16). However, as stated in the American creed, the American character is possible. In fact, today’s American society accommodates people with different cultures irrespective of their origin. Works Cited Bray, Ilona. Becoming a U.S. Citizen: A guide to the Law, Exam Interview. California: Nolo, 2010. Print. Heater, Benjamin. A brief history of citizenship. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Print. Takaki, Ronald. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York City: Hachette book Group, 1993. Print. This essay on The concept of citizenship in the United States was written and submitted by user Jacqueline Reeves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.